If USB Debugging is enabled, you should be fine.
The first thing you'll need is Google's platform tools, as well as a compatible ADB driver for your device if you're on Windows.
Then, you can use `adb pull` to copy data from the phone's filesystem to Windows.
Edit: another commenter rightly pointed out that this might not work when your phone is locked.
A quick search found some really interesting tools in this thread here (srcpy especially seems amazing!): https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29072501/how-to-unlock-a...
+1 for scrcpy https://github.com/Genymobile/scrcpy