From the article: "GPUs don't really like drawing vector graphics. They like big batches of textured triangles. So, I needed to rasterize these vectors."

The author certainly wasn't the first person to have this problem. What is available for fast display of vector graphics animations with GPU acceleration? Anything better or higher level than just doing huge numbers of calls to OpenGL/Vulcan/Metal/etc.?

It's an area of active research. One very promising project is vello [1] which is essentially a software renderer on the GPU (requires GPU compute support). Preliminary results are looking good. Better than anything else out there good.

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[1] https://github.com/linebender/vello