You won't gain much by the combination of golang, sqlite and the cloud. You can't scale out and the cloud layer only makes sqlite slower. I can't see any reason not using RDS other than it's more expensive.
I would only say this is a quick way to run up an application with a cheap VPS for a beginner.
Once you need to graduate from one large server (which will take you a long way in many cases), there are tools like [rqlite](https://github.com/rqlite/rqlite) that can handle clustering. With WAL mode enabled, SQLite can handle a surprising amount of traffic that would fit a lot of use cases. If latency is important to you, it's going to be hard to beat SQLite for many workloads.