Does this cache build artifacts in any way? So if several developers are working on the same code-base, they can share build artifacts based on, like, the hash of the inputs? That would require reproducible builds, but that's probably not too tricky to achieve.

It doesn’t IIRC. But, you can combine it with ccache which can use a NFS share. If you use clang, that might be of interest: https://github.com/yrnkrn/zapcc