Positive correlation between Competitive Programmer’s Handbook and software engineer interviews? Yes. Positive correlation between being a strong competitive programmer and a strong software engineer? Doubtful.
I'm pretty sure there is a positive correlation, just because people who tend to be good at competitions usually do them because they like computer science in general, so they learn other stuff too (and they are likely smart). And this is also a reason why this side is tested so much in interviews - it is easy to test and the result is somewhat significant.
Now, most good software engineers would probably not be very good at competitions, because competitions require certain specific skills that are not useful outside of competitions. And that's why good interviews don't put too much weight on algorithmic skills.
It sounds like it may have been awhile since you've interviewed. The modern "good" interview is all data structure and algorithm white boarding nonsense. For me, who is not a competitive programmer, the standard interview prep is spending a couple of hours on Hacker Rank every day and making sure I can delete a node in a binary tree on a white board without so much a missing semicolon. For some reason that signals "good developer" more than a catalog of work on github, big name companies, or experience in general.
From my experience i'd rather work with programmers with strong CS skills. They put out better code
https://github.com/poteto/hiring-without-whiteboards has a list of companies who don't participate in this particular flavor of shenanigans.