Another potential benefit - runtime metaprogramming. All types are erased when converted to JS, but I can imagine a lot of utility for runtime types in Typescript.
Obligated mention of runtypes (https://github.com/pelotom/runtypes) that bridges the gap between type-land and runtime-land. It's not seamless at all but if you have a serious need for this sort of thing, it's great
Not quite the same, but reminds me a bit of yup (https://github.com/jquense/yup)!