Computational Thinking:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_thinking

> 1. Problem formulation (abstraction);

> 2. Solution expression (automation);

> 3. Solution execution and evaluation (analyses).

This is a good skills matrix to start with:

http://sijinjoseph.com/programmer-competency-matrix/

https://competency-checklist.appspot.com

"Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist"

http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/html/index.html

K12CS Framework is good for all ages:

https://k12cs.org

https://github.com/jwasham/coding-interview-university